HISTORY OF MORPHOLOGY and MORPHOLOGICAL INTERFACE

CHAPTER ONE

MORPHOLOGY

Araanged by:

Seven Remen Rae P

IKIP MATARAM

2013

PREFACE

Thanks god for giving us the chance to finish this assignment.

This work paper discusses about a glance history of morphology and morphological interface. English students are expected to understand about the history of morphology. And also about morphological interface, it is crucial in the study of word-structure.

Finally, this assignment has been finished, even thought we got a bit problem at the first arrangement.

And thanks a lot for my friends who have helped us for finishing this work paper.

HISTORY OF MORPHOLOGY

Before nineteenth century, morphology did not emerge as a distinct sub-branch of linguistics. But now, morphology is a distinct sub-branch of linguistic.

In 1786, Sir William Jones claimed that Sanskrit, Latin, Persian and Germanic languages were descended from a common ancestor. In 1816, Franz Bopp supporting Sir Jones’ finding. His evidence was based on comparison of the grammatical endings of words in these languages.

In 1899, under the influence of Darwinian Theory of evolution, Mark Muller delivered his lectures in Oxford that the study of the evolution of words illuminated the evolution of language just as in biology morphology. His specific claim was that the study of the 400-500 basic roots of the Indo-European ancestors of many of the languages of Europe and Asia was the key to understanding the origin of human language.

In 1993, Katamba argues that such evolutionary pretensions were abandoned very early in the history of morphology. He said that in this country, morphology is regarded as an essential synchronic discipline, which is a discipline focusing on the study of word-structure at one stage in the life of a language rather than on the evolution of words.

Linguistic analyses also proposed a separation of Levels in linguistic:

            Semantic level (dealing with meaning)

            Syntactic level (dealing with sentence-structure)

            Morphological level (dealing with word-structure)

            Phonology / Phonemics (dealing with sound system)

The analyst producing a description of a language was seen as one of working out, in separate stages. The levels were assumed to be ordered in a hierarchy. The first pronunciation, second the word-structure, third the sentence structure and finally the meaning of utterances. But, in 2002, Hanafi added pragmatics to the separation of linguistic levels, because language use cannot be described without reference to syntax and semantics.

           

Pragmatic level (dealing with language in use)

Semantic level (dealing with meaning)

            Syntactic level (dealing with sentence-structure)

            Morphological level (dealing with word-structure)

            Phonology / Phonemics (dealing with sound system)

MORPHOLOGICAL INTERFACE

Morphology is the study of morpheme. It is the smallest unit of word.

Morpheme is separated into free morpheme and bound morpheme.

Katamba defines a lexeme as an abstract vocabulary item of a word, because it is meaningful.

            A          (one morpheme)

            A book (two morphemes)

            A red book (three morphemes)

But, in Indonesian, a is only a letter. No significant meaning.

            Rapat   (one morpheme)

            Me-rapat (two morphemes)

            Me-rapat-kan (three morphemes)

            Me-rapat-kan-nya (four morphrmes)

MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL INTERFACE

The interface between morphology and phonology is common because they are closely related discipline.

Examples:

            Liberty (noun) è liberties (noun plural)

Note : “-s” for noun plural on the noun form liberty in which the /y/ becomes /i/. This phonological process occur to the final syllable –ty .

            Independence (noun) è independency (noun)

            Note :  the /e/ is replaced by /y/ when the base is ended with –ce.

Examples from Indonesian word-formation:

            Batu (noun)     è membatu (verb)

            Semen (noun) è menyemen (verb)

            Tari (noun)      è menari (verb)

            Gambar (noun)è menggambar (verb)

Note : to become a verb (the right side), a noun should take a nasal prefix.

Nasal è me- è mem-, meny-, men-, meng-.

Me-prefix becoming mem-, meny-, men-, and  meng- is due to the initial consonant sounds of the roots.

Places of articulation deals with the modified airstreams that produce different sounds. Manners of articulation show the different positions of the lips, tongue, velum and glottis to produce different sound types.

MORPHO-SYNTACTICAL INTERFACE

Morpho-syntax is called grammar. Only in a clause structure a morpheme is meaningful.

Indonesian examples :

            Anak-nya di-pukul-i

            Anis me-nertawa-kan teman-nya

            Mereka berpukul-an

Note :  in –nya is possessive marker for third person singular

            di- is a passive prefix

-i Is suffix for iterative

            -kan  suffix is used to show an applicative marker

            -an suffix as a reciprocal activity and thus it is a reciprocal marker

We can say that the interface between morphology and syntax is due to inflections on the verbs. Morpho-syntax is closely related to inflectional morphology.

This is the final page of this work paper.

I hope many things that we can take of this work paper.

I dedicate for my friends who helped me in finishing this work paper.

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