Contraction (singkatan)

Berikut adalah contoh Contractions lainnya:

1. Positive Contractions (Singkatan Positif)
- I'm = I am
- I've = I have
- I'll = I will
- I'd = I would / I should / I had
- you're = you are
- you've = you have
- you'll = you will
- you'd = you had / you would
- he's = he has / he is
- he'll = he will
- he'd = he had/ he would
- she's = she has/she is
- she'll = she will
- she'd she had/she would
- it's = it has/it is
- it'll = it will
- we're = we are
- we've = we have
- we'll = we will
- we'd = we had/we would
- they're = they are
- they've = they have
- they'll = they will
- they'd = they had/they would

2. Negative Contractions (Singkatan Negatif)
- aren't = are not
- can't = cannot
- couldn't = could not
- didn't = did not
- doesn't = does not
- don't = do not
- hasn't = has not
- haven't = have not
- hadn't = had not
- isn't = is not
- mayn't = may not
- mustn't = must not
- needn't = need not
- shan't = shall not
- shouldn't = should not
- wasn't = was not
- weren't = were not
- won't = will not
- wouldn't = would not

3. Other Contractions (Singkatan yang lain)
- There's a book. = There is a book
  (Ada sebuah buku)
- What's is that = What is that?
  (Apa itu?)
- Who's he? = Who is he?
  (Siapakah dia?)
- Who'll be there? = Who will be there?
  (Siapa yang akan berada disana?

4. Informal Constractions (Singkatan Informal)

Adalah singkatan informal yang biasa digunakan dalam situasi informal.Singkatan ini tidak termasuk dalam kelompok slang, tetapi sedikit menyerupai slang.

Contoh :
- gonna = going to
  I'm not gonna tell you.
  (Saya tidak akan menceritakan kepadamu.)
- Lemme = let me
  Lemme go!
  (Biarkan saya pergi!)
- wanna = want to
  I wanna eat meatball.
  Saya ingin makan bakso.
- whatcha = what are you
  Whatcha going to do?
  (Apa yang akan kamu lakukan?)
- gimme = give me
  Can you gimme a magazine?
  (Dapatkah kamu memberi saya majalah?)
- ain't = has not / have not
  He ain't finished yet.
  (Dia belum menyelesaikannya.)
  I ain't sure.
  (Saya tidak yakin.)

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GENRE (kinds of text) in English Language

GENRE (kinds of text) in English Language

There are many kinds of English text. Those are recount, report, discussion, Explanation, Exposition, new item anecdote, narrative, procedure, description, and review. But, in this article I’ll explain about recount, report, narrative, procedure and description.

1. Recount Text
Social Function : to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

Generic Stucture:
a. Orientation: provides the setting and introduces the participants
b. Events : tell what happened, in what sequences
c. Reorientation: optional closure of events

Significant lexiogrammatical features:
Focus on specific participants, use material processes, circumstances on time and place, use past tense, focus on temporal sequence

2. Report Text
Social Function : to describe the way things are with reference to a range of natural, manmade, and social phenomena in our environment

Generic Stucture:
a. General classification: tells what phenomena under the discussion
b. Description: tells what the phenomenon under the discussion is like in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviour.

Significant Lexiogrammatical Features:

Focus on generic participants, use relational processes to state what is and that which it is. use simple present tense


3. Narrative Text
Social Function : to amuse, entertain

Generic Stucture:

a. Orientation: sets the scene and introduces the participants

b. Evaluations: a stepping back to evaluate the plight.

c. Complication: a crisis arises

d. Resolution : the crisis is resolved

e. reorientation: optional

Significant lexiogrammatical features:

Focus n specific participants, use material processes, behavioral processes, and verbal processes. USe temporal conjuctions, and temporal circumstances, use past tense

4. Procedure Text

Social Function : to describe how something is accomplished through a sequences of actions or steps.

Generic Stucture:

a. Goal

b. Material

c. Steps 1-n

Significant lexicogrammatical features:

Use simple present tense, often imperative. use mainly material processes

5. Descriptive Text

Social Function : to describe a particular person, places, or things

Generic Stucture:

a. Identification: identifies the phenomenon to be described

b. Description: describes parts, qualities, characteristics

Significant lexicogrammatical features:

Focus on specific participants, use simple present tense

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