16 Tenses

English Grammar - The tenses

One sentence is put into different tenses. You can see how the meaning changes.

The words in green are signal words. They tell you which tense you have to use.

Tense	Example	Explanation
Simple Present	I play football every week.	Here you want to say that it happens regularly.
Present Progressive	I'm playing football now.	Here you want to say that it is happening at the moment.
Simple Past	I played football yesterday.	You did it yesterday, it happened in the past.
Past Progressive	I was playing football the whole evening.	You were doing it in the past. It's not sure whether the action was finished or not.
Present Perfect	I have just played football.	You have just finished it. So it has a connection to the present. Maybe your clothes are dirty.
Present Perfect Progressive	I have been playing football for 2 hours.	You want to say how long you have been doing it. (You started in the past and it continues up to the present.
Past Perfect	I had played football before Susan came.	The two actions are related to each other: you had finished to play football and after that the girl arrived.
Past Perfect Progressive	I had been playing football for two hours when Susan came.	Here you want to point out how long you had been doing it before the girl came.
will-future	I will play football next week.	This is a prediction, you can probably do something else.
going to-future	I'm going to play football this afternoon.	This is a plan you've made.
Future Progressive	I will be playing football next Sunday.	You do it every Sunday (as usual)
Future Perfect	I will have played football by tomorrow.	You will have done it before tomorrow.
Conditional Simple	I would play football.	You'll probably do it.
Conditional Progressive	I would be playing football.	You'll probably do it. Here you concentrate more on the progress of the action.
Conditional Perfect	I would have played football.	You'll probably have finished playing football at a special time in the future. Here you concentrate on the fact (football).
Conditional Perfect Progressive	I would have been playing football.	You'll probably have finished playing football at a special time in the future. Here you concentrate on the progress of playing (football).

Negations of the sentences

Tense	Example
Simple Present	I do not play football every week. I don't play football every week.
Present Progressive	I am not playing football now. I'm not playing football now.
Simple Past	I did not play football yesterday. I didn't play football yesterday.
Past Progressive	I was not playing football yesterday. I wasn't playing football yesterday.
Present Perfect	I have not played football. I haven't played football. I've not played football.
Present Perfect Progressive	I have not been playing football. I haven't been playing football. I've not been playing football.
Past Perfect	I had not played football. I hadn't played football. I'd not played football.
Past Perfect Progressive	I had not been playing football. I hadn't been playing football. I'd not been playing football.
will-future	I will/shall not play football next week. I won't play football next week.
going to-future	I am not going to play football this afternoon. I'm not going to play football this afternoon.
Future Progressive	I will/shall not be playing football. I won't be playing football.
Future Perfect	I will/shall not have played football. I won't have played football.
Conditional Simple	I would not play football. I'd not play football.
Conditional Progressive	I would not be playing football. I wouldn't be playing football. I'd not be playing football.
Conditional Perfect	I would not have played football. I wouldn't have played football. I'd not have played football.
Conditional Perfect Progressive	I would not have been playing football. I wouldn't have been playing football. I'd not have been playing football.

Questions

Tense	Example
Simple Present	Do you play football?
Present Progressive	Are you playing football?
Simple Past	Did you play football?
Past Progressive	Were you playing football?
Present Perfect	Have you played football?
Present Perfect Progressive	Have you been playing football?
Past Perfect	Had you played football?
Past Perfect Progressive	Had you been playing football?
will-future	Will you play football?
going to-future	Are you going to play football?
Future Progressive	Will you be playing football?
Future Perfect	Will you have played football?
Conditional Simple	Would you play football?
Conditional Progressive	Would you be playing football?
Conditional Perfect	Would you have played football?
Conditional Perfect Progressive	Would you have been playing football?

Thanks to:

 http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/tenses_satz.htm

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THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

 

The verbs listed below are called “modal auxiliaries.”  They are helping verbs that express a wide range of meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity, etc.) Most of the modals have more than one meaning.

AUXILIARY + THE SIMPLE FORM OF A VERB
Can Could May Might Should Had better Must Will would	A B C D E F G H I	Olga can speak English He couldn’t come to class It may rain tomorrow. It might rain tomorrow. Mary should study harder. I had better study tonight Joe must see a doctor today. I will be in class tomorrow. Would you please close the door?

Can, Could, May, Might, Should, Had better, Must, Will and would are immediately followed by the simple form of a verb.

·         They are not followed by to.

INCORRECT: Olga can to speak English.

·         The main verb does not have a final –s.

INCORRECT: Olga can speaks English.

·         The main verb is not in a past form.

INCORRECT: Olga can speaks English.

·         The main verb is not in its –ing form.

INCORRECT: Olga can speak English.

AUXILIARY + TO + THE SIMPLE FORM OF A VERB
Have to Have got to Ought to	J K L	I have to study tonight. I have got to study tonight. Kate ought to study harder.

To + the simple form  is used with these auxiliaries: have to, have got to and ought to.

Please , comment if got mistakes!

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Words That Only Occur In The Plural

To determine the plural words by :

-          Amount / number

-          Pairs

-          Characteristics ,          =  * Regular

                                                   *  Irregular  (0x-oxen, child-children, brother-brethren )

    A.      Tools, Instruments, Pieces, of equipment

Some of these are always plural:

*scissors , pliers, pincers, tweezers, tongs, binoculars, scales, handcuffs, shears,         glasses and etc.

    B.   Things we wear

        *clothes, pajamas, knickers/underpants, jeans, tight, jodhpurs, leggings, dungarees, shorts, trousers, braces, trunks, and etc.

    C.   Words with plural form but used mostly with singular verbs

        Names of some games : billiards, dominoes, draughts, darts, bowls

        Names of subject/activities : physics, economics, classics, gymnastics, aerobics, athletics, maths.

     Note : some words look plural but are not, (series, means, news, spaghetti)

=   There was a series of programs on TV about Japan.

      Is there a cheap means of transports I could use to get there ?

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INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUTION

The introduction and conclusion work together to make the topic and main ideas of the essay  clear to the reader. Without an introduction and conclusion, an essay is just a group of paragraphs. 

The introduction

The introduction is the first paragraph of an essay.

The introduction................

·         Is usually five to ten sentence

·         The reader’s interest

·         Gives the general topic of the essay

·         Gives background information about the topic

·         State the main point (the thesis statement) of the essay

To make a strong introduction, should be.............

·         Introduces the topic clearly

·         Gives several sentences of information about the topic

·         State the thesis (the main idea) of the essay

To make an introduction interesting, include..........

·         Interesting facts or statistics

·         A personal story or example

·         An interesting quotation

Any of the following will make an introduction weak :

·         It doesn’t give enough information about the topic or gives too much information abaout it.

·         It talk about too many different topics.

·         It does not state a clear thesis.

The conclusion

The conclusion is the final paragraph of the essay.  A good concluding paragraph.......

·         Summarises the main points of the essay

·         Restates the thesis (using different word)

·         Makes a final comment about the essay’s main idea

·         May emphasise an action that you would like the reader to take

Don’t intruduce new ideas in a conclusion . A conclusion only restates  or gives further commentary on ideas discussed in the essay.  

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PREPOSITION IN, ON, AT.

1. Time

Prep.	Standing	Example
IN	Century(abad) Year (tahun) Month (bulan) Season (musim) Part Of Day	In 21th century……… In 1990, in 2008…. In may, in april,….. In spring, in autumn…. In the morning, in the afternoon,…
ON	Day (hari) Date (tanggal) Part of Day	On Sunday, On Monday,…. On third,.. On Sunday night,….
AT	Time Part of Day	At 12 pm, at 7 am,… At noon, at night,….

2. *Places (part 1)

Prep.	Standing	Example
IN	Wilayah	In Indonesia, In Lombok,…
ON	Nama Jalan	On Jl. Mawar
AT	Alamat Lengkap	At Jl. Mawar No. 007

       *Places (part 2)

Prep.	Example
IN	In aroom, in a shop, in a car, in a garden,..
ON	On a plate, on the floor, ..
AT	At the bus stop, at the door,…

Untuk kepentingan bersama.

Apabila ada kesalahan dan kekurangan, tolong dikomentari.

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