CHAPTER ONE
MORPHOLOGY
Araanged by:
Seven Remen Rae P
IKIP MATARAM
2013
PREFACE
Thanks god for giving us the chance
to finish this assignment.
This work
paper discusses about a glance history of morphology and morphological
interface. English students are expected to understand about the history of
morphology. And also about morphological interface, it is crucial in the study
of word-structure.
Finally,
this assignment has been finished, even thought we got a bit problem at the
first arrangement.
And thanks a
lot for my friends who have helped us for finishing this work paper.
HISTORY OF MORPHOLOGY
Before nineteenth century, morphology did not emerge as a
distinct sub-branch of linguistics. But now, morphology is a distinct
sub-branch of linguistic.
In 1786, Sir William Jones claimed that Sanskrit, Latin,
Persian and Germanic languages were descended from a common ancestor. In 1816,
Franz Bopp supporting Sir Jones’ finding. His evidence was based on comparison
of the grammatical endings of words in these languages.
In 1899, under the influence of Darwinian Theory of
evolution, Mark Muller delivered his lectures in Oxford that the study of the
evolution of words illuminated the evolution of language just as in biology
morphology. His specific claim was that the study of the 400-500 basic roots of
the Indo-European ancestors of many of the languages of Europe and Asia was the
key to understanding the origin of human language.
In 1993, Katamba argues that such evolutionary pretensions
were abandoned very early in the history of morphology. He said that in this
country, morphology is regarded as an essential synchronic discipline, which is
a discipline focusing on the study of word-structure at one stage in the life
of a language rather than on the evolution of words.
Linguistic analyses also proposed a separation of Levels in
linguistic:
Semantic
level (dealing with meaning)
Syntactic
level (dealing with sentence-structure)
Morphological
level (dealing with word-structure)
Phonology /
Phonemics (dealing with sound system)
The analyst producing a description of a language was seen as
one of working out, in separate stages. The levels were assumed to be ordered
in a hierarchy. The first pronunciation, second the word-structure, third the
sentence structure and finally the meaning of utterances. But, in 2002, Hanafi
added pragmatics to the separation of linguistic levels, because language use
cannot be described without reference to syntax and semantics.
Pragmatic level (dealing with
language in use)
Semantic level (dealing with meaning)
Syntactic
level (dealing with sentence-structure)
Morphological
level (dealing with word-structure)
Phonology /
Phonemics (dealing with sound system)
MORPHOLOGICAL
INTERFACE
Morphology
is the study of morpheme. It is the smallest unit of word.
Morpheme
is separated into free morpheme and bound morpheme.
Katamba
defines a lexeme as an abstract vocabulary item of a word, because it is
meaningful.
A (one
morpheme)
A book (two morphemes)
A red book (three morphemes)
But,
in Indonesian, a is only a letter. No
significant meaning.
Rapat (one morpheme)
Me-rapat (two morphemes)
Me-rapat-kan (three morphemes)
Me-rapat-kan-nya (four morphrmes)
MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL
INTERFACE
The
interface between morphology and phonology is common because they are closely
related discipline.
Examples:
Liberty
(noun) è liberties
(noun plural)
Note : “-s” for noun plural on the noun form liberty in which the /y/ becomes /i/.
This phonological process occur to the final syllable –ty .
Independence
(noun) è
independency (noun)
Note : the /e/ is replaced by /y/ when the base is
ended with –ce.
Examples
from Indonesian word-formation:
Batu (noun) è membatu (verb)
Semen (noun) è menyemen (verb)
Tari (noun) è menari (verb)
Gambar (noun)è menggambar (verb)
Note
: to become a verb (the right side), a
noun should take a nasal prefix.
Nasal
è me- è
mem-, meny-, men-, meng-.
Me-prefix
becoming mem-, meny-, men-, and meng- is due to the initial consonant
sounds of the roots.
Places
of articulation deals with the modified airstreams that produce different
sounds. Manners of articulation show the different positions of the lips,
tongue, velum and glottis to produce different sound types.
MORPHO-SYNTACTICAL
INTERFACE
Morpho-syntax
is called grammar. Only in a clause structure a morpheme is meaningful.
Indonesian
examples :
Anak-nya di-pukul-i
Anis me-nertawa-kan teman-nya
Mereka berpukul-an
Note
: in –nya is possessive marker for third person singular
di-
is a passive prefix
-i Is suffix for iterative
-kan
suffix is used to show an
applicative marker
-an
suffix as a reciprocal activity and thus it is a reciprocal marker
We
can say that the interface between morphology and syntax is due to inflections
on the verbs. Morpho-syntax is closely related to inflectional morphology.
This is the final page
of this work paper.
I hope many things that
we can take of this work paper.
I dedicate for my
friends who helped me in finishing this work paper.
